FabricAPI works without renaming it, the only difference is that the Aristois one might be slightly outdated. The current build used is 0.60.0. FabricAPI is not even required for Sodium to run though.
Since it's a render issue and no texture packs are used, it's most likely that it's a specific setting or as you mention, a mod conflict.
I'd recommend doing the following one-by-one, continuing to the next one if the previous didn't change anything:
Remove all mods besides Sodium
Disable all Aristois modules
Eject Aristois (.unload command)
Delete/move the game settings (.minecraft/options.txt and .minecraft/config/sodium-options.json
If none of those work, I would confirm it works on Fabric loader itself